Alien species Invasion of Mediterranean

Dis|astrous: (adj.) cata|stroph|ic, calamitous ¦M/¨aÃøªº
Devastate, devastation, damage, hazard,
Indigenous: native, domestic,
Ant: alien, exotic, foreign
Displace: (v.) supplant, super|sede ¨ú¥N, ¶W¶V, ¸m´«
Vulnerable: (adj.) ©ö¨ü·l®`, susceptible, sensitive
Ant: invulnerable, immune, resistant
Aque|duct: canal, waterway,
Rectify: (v.) ªÈ¥¿¡M remedy ÃÄ¥Î(ªvÀø), correct
Eradicate: (v.)®Úµ´, ³s®Ú©Þ°£ eliminate, exterminate, annihilate
An atomic bomb can annihilate a city, wipe out
Invade: (v.) intrude, encroach, trespass ¤J«I No trespass! ¶¢¤H¤Å¶i
Pronounced: (a.) distinct, obvious, prominent ÅãµÛªº clear, marked
Lizzy had a prominent part in the play
Ant: vague¤£©ú½Tªº;ÀǬNªº,§t½kªºEverything looked vague in the heavy fog., ambiguous, equivocal, in|con|spicu|ous¤£ÅãµÛªº;¤£Åã²´ªº,¤£¤Þ¤Hª`¥ØThe shy girl tried to make herself as inconspicuous as possible. ¨º­Ó©È²Ûªº¤k«Ä¤lºÉ¶q¨Ï¦Û¤v¤£³Q¤Hª`·N
transplantation: ²¾©~
profound: ²`¨èªº|²`¤Áªº syn: extreme, intense, serious,
Ant: shallow, superficial ªí­±ªº
Vector: 1. ¡i¼Æ¡j¥Ú;¦V¶q2. ¡i¥Í¡j¶Ç¬V´C¤¶;±aµßªÌ
3. ¯è¦V;¯è½u4. ¤Þ¾É;°Ê¤O (vt.)¥ÎµL½u¹q¤Þ¾É;¬°...¾É¯è

19th century working condition in American

in|deed: truly, an action was done ªº½T¬O¦a
foster: 1. ¾i¨|,»â¾ito bring up \°ö¾i,«P¶ito keep\¤ßÃh(§Æ±æ¡B³¥¤ßµ¥)
to promote the growth of (a.) ¾i¨|ªº,¦¬¾iªº
de|cent: 1. ¥¿¬£ªº;¦X¥G§»öªº2. Åé­±ªº;¹³¼Ëªº;ÁÙ¤£¿ùªº3. ¿Ë¤Áªº;¼e®eªº;¼Ö©ó§U¤Hadequately, propriety of proper
i|nevitable: ¤£¥iÁקKªº, ¥²µM·|µo¥Íªº, unavoidable, inescapable
exploitation: ­é«d, §Q¥Î¦Ó¦ÛªÎ
inception: ¶}©l commencement, initiation, outset, origin
Ant: conclusion, termination
Ex: from inception to completion ±qÀY¨ì§À
Tolerable: endurable, bearable ¥i¥H®e§Ôªº
Ant: insufferable
Hazard: peril, menace, danger
Ant: security, safety
Grisly: ¥i©Èªº ghastly, gruesome
Status quo: ph. ²{ªp current, circumstances
Prevailing: prevalent, predominate, widespread ²±¦æªº
Proponent: advocate, defender, supporter ¤ä«ùªÌ
Regulate: (vt) manage, govern, direct ©w ..³W½d|ºÞ¨î
Tanta|mount: equivalent
Ant: different
Im|pede: prevent, obstruct, inhibit, restrict, hinder §«Ãª|ªý¤î
Ant: permit, allow
Scant: insufficient (a.)
He paid scant attention to my warnings.¥L¹ï§ÚªºÄµ§i«Ü¤Ö²z¸B¡C
To be scant breath from running, scant as (vt) ±±¨î|¸`¨î
Mediator: moderator, referee, arbitrator ½Õ°±ªÌ
Abysmal: (a.) ²`²Wªº essential awful, terrible
abysmal fate.

American Reslism
Healing: ´_­ì
Upheaval: ¼@ÅÜ\°Ê¶Ã disturbance, turmoil, agitation
Ant: tranquility, calmness, placidness
Turmoil: ²V¶Ã, ÄÌ°Ê upheaval, agitation, disturbance
Ant: tranquility, calmness, placidness
Rage: ²±¦æ
Wage: ±q¨Æ(¾Ôª§) vi
Triumph (vi) : conquer, vanquish, defeat, overwhelm ¾Ô³Ó
Ant: lose
Adversity: °f¹Ò|­WÃø hardship, affliction, mishap, Ant: Prosperity,
Diametrically: ¥þµM|¥¿¦n¬Û¤Ï¦a completely, absolutely, entirely, utterly
Dictate: ¤ä°t|©R¥O determine
Heredity: ¿ò¶Ç
Conspiracy: plot, scheme, intrigue ³±¿Ñ|¿Ñ¤Ï
Sweeping: ®u±² (adj) extensive, far-reaching, wholesale
Rationalization: ¦X²z¤Æ
Profound, extreme, intense, deep, fundamental
Fall by the wayside (ph) ±ó¸m¤@®Ç
Sentiment(al) ¦h·Tµ½·P(ªº)
Grim: §N»Åªº bleak, dismal, harsh,
Ant; merciful, gentle, lenient
Plight: ­W¹Ò
Struggle: ¾Ä¾Ô ¦º§ìª¯ conflict, fight, battle
Irrelevant: ¤£¹ïÃDªº
Vanquish, conquer, defeat, subdue

Bog Iron
Furnace: ¤õÄl¡A·ÒÅK³õ
Bog, swamp, marsh
Extract, remove, take out: ´£·Ò (vt)
Adjacent to: (ph)¾Fªñ neighboring, adjoining, bordering
Deposit:(n) accumulation ¨I¿nª«
Decay: (vi) »GÄê rot, de\compos

Abundance: (n)Â×´I plenty, profusion, ampleness,
Ant: scantiness, sparseness
Depletion: (n) ¬\ºÜ re|duction, exhausted,
Plating: (n) ¹qÁá, Ááª÷
Shield: (vt) protect
Inexhaustiable: (a) ¤£·|¬\ºÜªº unlimited, infinite, boundless
Lime: ¥Û¦Ç
Ore: |or| Äq¥Û chunk, lump, mass,
Cannon: ¤j¯¥
Poke : ÂW¯}
Accessible: reachable, approachable, available,
Abortive: (a) ¥¢±Ñªº
Raid: (ph) ¬ðÀ»
Tong: ¹X¤l
Ingenuity: µ½©ó³Ð³y»Pµo©ú
Exploitable: (a) ¥i¶}µoªº
Reluctant to : (ph) ¤£¥ÌÄ@ loath, grudging, disinclined

Changes in the early movie industry
Theatrical: À¸¼@©Êªº (a.)
Scenery: ³õ´º
Meteoric: swift, rapid ¬y¬P¤@¯ëªº¡AÅå¤Hªº|½÷·×ªº
Epicenter: (n.) ¤¤¤ßÂI hub
Heady: (a) ¨³³t§@¥Î©ó·P©xªº intoxicating
Extraveragance: lavishness, excess ©ñÁa´§ÀNµL«×
Ant: simplicity, frugality, economy
Glamour: ¾y¤O¡A»¤´b
The moonlight cast a glamour over the scene.
¤ë¥úµ¹´º¦â¼W²K¤F¾y¤O
Sophia added a touch of glamour by wearing a beautiful dress.
Ĭµá¨È¬ï¤F¤@¥óº}«Gªº¦çªA,§ó¼W²K¤@¥÷°g¤Hªº¬ü¡C
Hedonism: ¨É¼Ö¥D¸q decadence
Conform to (ph) follow, Ant: deviate,
Ethnic:¤HºØ
Amateur: ·~¾lªº Ant: Professional,
Cater to (ph) ¬° ¡K.ªA°È|ªï¦X¡K.ªº»Ý­n
Those newspapers cater to the lowest tastes.
³o¨Ç³ø¯Èªï¦X§C¯Å½ì¨ý¡C
Luxurious, sumptuous, opulent »¨µØªºAnt: simple, plain
Exotic: ²§°êªº foreign, alien, strange, Ant: local, native, familiar
Upsurge: ´é°_(n) surge, boom, Ant: drop, decrease, fall
Accustomed to (ph) ²ßºD©ó¡A¦³¡Kªº²ßºD
Moviegoer

Chinese immigrants and the transcontinental railroad
Ambitious: a. difficult, challenging, largescale, Åã¥Ü¶¯¤ßªº
Contemplate: vt. Consider: ²`«ä¼ô¼{
Daunting: a. intimidating, discouraging, disheartening,: Àb¤HÅ¥»D
Embroil: vt. Sweep up, entangle, ±²¤J¡B¨Ï²V¶Ã
Obstacle: obstruction, barrier, impediment, hindrance, »Ùê
Meager: a. scanty, sparse, scarce, few: ³h¥Fªº
The first year the company only put down a meager 30 miles railroad.
Acute: a. ÄY­«ªºsevere, intense
Tap: ¶}µo|±µ³q¤ô·½(ºÞ)
The scientists are thinking of a new way of tapping the solar energy.
Burgeoning: grow, flourish, thrive µÞªÞªº
Grueling: a. ²ÖÃa¤Farduous, backbreaking
Clearing this old dorm is a grueling work.
Compensate: vi. ¹S³Ò|¸ÉÀv pay, remunerate
The government compensated the citizen for that their house was levied for the area of new construction.
Permanently: ¥Ã¤[¦a| Ant: Temporarily
She has decided to settle in Japan permanently.
Discriminatory: ª[µøªº|¤£¤½¥­ªº
Chinese immigrants was gave a discriminatory compensate during early epoch of immigrant.
Bar: prohibit, inhibit, forbid, obstruct: ¸T¤î restrict, prevent
California barred these immigrants from appearing as witness in the court, prohibited them from voting or becoming naturalized citizen, and placed their children in segregated school.

Early US patent Law
Intellectual property right: ´¼¼z°]²£Åv
Provision: ±ø´Ú
Patent: ±M§Q
Put in place (ph) as verb «Ø¥ß set up, established
Craft: create, ºë¤ß»s§@
Incorporation, comprise, contain, integrate, merge ¦X§@\¦X¨Ö
Solid, concrete, substantial, tangible, Ant: abstract
In place of: (ph) pre.
Monopoly: ¿W¥eÅv|±M½æÅv
Compromise: §´¨ó®×
Stipulate: ©ú¤å³W©w require (vt)
Involved, (a) complicated, convoluted, tangled ¯A¤Îªº|±²¤Jªº
Cabinet: ¤º»Õ panel: ¤p²Õ, forum, board, group
Infringement: (n) ¹H¤Ï|IJªk violation, transgression, infraction
Counter, oppose (vt) ¤Ï¹ï Ant: support, back
Innovation, invention, creation, originationµo©ú|³Ð·s
Ant: imitation, mimicry, duplication ½Æ»s
Exploitation: ­é«d violation: ¹H¤Ï obligation: ¸q°È imperative:©R¥O

Eastern US fossil site
Paleontology ¥j¥Íª«¾Ç
Diversity, variety, a.
Sparse, meager, scanty, scarce, thin ¤Ö a.
Ant: dense, thick, abundant, lush ¦h a.
Erode, ware away «I»k vt.
Strata: ¦a¼h n.
Vertebrate: ¯á´Õ°Êª« invertebrate
Encounter, come across, and meet
Terrestrial, ³°¦aªº
Fauna,°Êª« Ant: Floraªá¯ó
Unparalleled, ªÅ«e¥¼¦³ªº a. ; Extraordinary, exceptional, incomparable, unsurpassed
Replete : fill +again :¥Rº¡ªº ¨ÑÀ³¥R¤Àªº filled; Ant: lacking, devoid
Amphibian: ¨â´Ï°Ê´Óª« n. reptile:ª¦ÂÎÃþ°Êª«
Put forward, suggest, and propose,
Associated, connected, related, Ant: divorced, separate
Dissolution: ¤À¸Ñ¡B·»¸Ñdissolving
Sketch, outline, and description
Composition, constitution
Deprived: ³Q­é¹Üªº; dilapidated: ·´Ãaªº; compiled: ¦¬¶°ªº
Verdant: »Aºñªº; meager: ³h½aªº vigorous: ±j°·ªº

Formation of the Earth¡¦s Internal Structure

Accumulate: gather, amass, concentrate,
Mantle:¦a¹÷
Accretion: accumulation, coalescence ¿n²Ö¦Ó¦¨
Nebular: ¬P¶³
A barrage of : ¤@³s¦ê
Meteorite: ¹k¥Û
Dissipation: dispersion, distribution ®ø´²¡BÅX´²
Inherently: ¤Ñ©Ê¦a naturally
Metallic: ª÷Äݪº
Volatile: ´§µo©Êªº

Hokkywood and the great Depression

Deride: mock, ridicule, scoff, jeer, taunt ¼J§Ë¡B¼J¿Ø
Reassurance: comfort, support ¦w¤ß
Demoralized: dispirited, despairing, dejected, disheartened ¤h®ð§C¸¨ªº
Escapism: °kÁײ{¹êªº realistic: ¼g¯uªº
Address: deal with, discuss: ´£¥X ­P¤O©ó
Chain gang: ³QÃì¦b¤@°_ªº¥}¥Ç
Cynical: unbelieving ¼«¥@¶ú«Uªº
Pay homage to : ¹ï¡K.ªí¹F·q·N
Disdain: scorn, contempt »Àµø¡B»´½°
Convention, custom, formula, pattern, rule ¶Ç²Î ²ß«U
Savvy: ºë©ú¾÷¨îªº insight, understanding
Miserable: ²YºGªº¡B´d«sªº wretched, pitiful, woeful, unhappy
Gangster: ¤ï®{
Outrage: ­â°d(n)
Boycott: ªM¸¯(n)Áp¦X©è¨î
Censorship: ¼f¬d¡BºÊ¹î
Propriety: ¦æ¬°³W½d properness
Upbeat: ¬¡¼âªº¡Boptimistic, positive
Proactive: ¬°¤F·Ç³Æ°ÝÃD¡B»Ý­n ©Ò°µªº§ïÅÜ
Compel (v) ±j­¢
\
How honeybees make honey

Staple:¥D­nªº essential, substantial, fundamental, main
Nectar: ªá»e
Secrete: ¤Àªc discharge, excrete, excude
Pollination: ¶Ç±Âªá¯» pollen
Clover: ­`½¶ dandelion: ®ú¤½­^
Enzyme: »Ã¯À
Saliva:³è²G spittle
-ose : ¿}Ãþ sucrose, glucose, fructose: ½©¿} ¸²µå¿} ªG¿}
mold: ¾`µß fungi: ¯uµß
dilute: µ}ÄÀ(v) Ant: concentrate,
ripen:¦¨¼ô
larvae: ¥®ÂÎ
honeycomb: ¸ÁºÛ
syrup: ¿}¼ß
seal off «ÊÂê
colony: ¸sÅé

Igloos ·R´µ°ò¼¯¤Hªº­ì³»«Î
Dictate: ©R¥O¡B¤ä°t order, prescribe, determine
Insulation: µ´½t ¹j¼ö
Lean (vi)¨Ì¾a
Beveled: ¶É±×ªº
Trim: ­×°Å
Spiral: Á³±Ûª¬¤§ª«
Cap: Âл\(vt)
Keystone block: «ý³»¥Û
Seam: ±µ?³B
Illuminate Manuscript
Lavish, ample, plentiful„» abundant Â×´I ¥R¸Îªº
Adorn, ornament, decorate, beautify, embellish: §©§ê ¸Ë¹¢(v)
Elaborate, complicated, detail, intricate : ºë¤ß»s§@ªº ºë¥©ªº
Parchment: ¦Ï¥Ö¯È
Intersperse: (v)´²§G ÂIºó
Descendent: «á¥Ndevelopment
Sever to ¨Ñµ¹
Tangentially: µLÃö¦a Â÷ÃD¦a
Assault: ©áÀ» ŧÀ»
Versatility: ¦h¤~¦hÃÀ
In|fuse: fuse:fill =„» fill in ª`¤J (vt), invest, imbue, instill, endow

Infrared Interferometry

Prohibitively: «D±`©ù¶Q¦a
Aperture: ÂoÃè¤Õ®|¤j¤p
Sporadically ¹s¬P¦a ¬ðµoªº
Hurdle, obstacle, barrier, impediment »Ùê §xÃø

Lichens
Fungus:¯uµß algae: ĦÃþ
Thallus: ¸­ª¬Åé
Amorphous: µL©w«¬ªº formless, shapeless, unstructured
Retention: holding, keeping, preservation: «O¦s
Hostile: ¼Ä·N antagonistic, bitter, harsh
Barren: ¤£¤òªº ¯á¦aªº devoid, sterile
Susceptible: ©ö¨ü·P¬Vªº vulnerable
Rid of ²M°£ Â\²æ
Robust: °·§§ªº healthy, strong

Light medicine:

Incandescent: ¥Õ¼mªº
Filament: Âëµ·
By virtue of ¥Ñ©ó
Bulb: ¹q¤lºÞ ¹q¿Oªw
Spur: «P¶i¡B¨ë¿E stimulate, boost, accelerate
Atrophy: µäÁY µê²æ wasting, withering, shrinking
Alleviate: (vt)´î»´ relieve, erase, assuage
Cytochrome: (n) ²Ó­M¦â¯À

Los Angles Murals

Mural: ¾Àµe
Heritage, inheritance, legacy: ¶Ç²Î ¿ò²£
Alienation, ²¨»· estrangement, isolation, disaffection
Hispanic: ¦è¯Z¤ú¤H
Preponderance: ­«­n©Ê¡B¼Æ¶q¤è­± ¦û¤W­·
Avail: ¦³¥Î¡B¦³¯q
Barometer: ªí¥Ü°Ê¦Vªº¼Ð»x
Catalyst: ¶Ê¤Æ¾¯ stimulus, activator, accelerator
Foster: °ö¾i cultivate, nourish, nurture
Commission: ©e¥ô
Contentious ¦³²§Ä³ªº controversial
Grassroots: ¨Ó¦Û¥Á¶¡ªº
Versatility: ¦h¥\¯à©Ê ¦h¥Î³~
Spark, incite, touch off, trigger, set off, foment: ÂI¿U µo°Ê
Controversy, argument, disagreement, ª§Ä³¡Bª§½×
Relevant: pertinent, related, germane¦³ÃöÁpªº

Mangroves

Flat: ²LÅu
Facultative: ©x¯àªº
Halophyte: ÆQ¤g´Óª«
Distinct: ©úÅ㪺 obvious, clear-cut, definite
Deprive: divest, impoverish, strip: ­é¹Ü
Facilitate: ¨Ï®e©ö À°§U assist, aid, ease
De\tritus: ¸H¥Û ªd¨F debris, waste
Proliferate: ¼W²£ multiply, reproduce
Dispersal: ¤À´²
Viviparous: ¥ÀÅéµoªÞªº
Dormant: ¥V¯vªº inactive, hibernating, torpid
Proto-plant­ì¥Í´Óª«
Exclusive: ¿W®aªº
Prevalent, prevailing, ´¶¹Mµo¥Íªº

Modern treats to archeology

Sketchy, incomplete, deficient, rough, partial ¤£§¹¥þªº
Ponder: (vi) ¥J²Ó¦Ò¼{ contemplate, think over, consider
Tangible: ¦³§Îªº concrete, substantial,( Ant: intangible )
Rigorous: ÄYÂÔªº stringent, tight, strict (Ant: lax, loose)
Assault: §ðÀ» attack (Ant: Protection, defense)
Loot (vt) ±°¹Ü µsÅÑ
Heedless: »´²vªº reckless, thoughtless, unheeding
Dubious; ¥iºÃªº ¦³ª§Ä³ªº doubtful, questionable, uncertain
Thin: ¤£¯àÅý¤H«HªAªº flimsy, tenuous, insubstantial
Profiteer: ¦l°Ó
antiquities: ¥jª«
intact: undamaged, complete :§¹¾ãªº ­ì«Ê¤£°Êªº whole
loath : ¤£±¡Ä@ªº ¹½´cªº reluctant, disinclined, unwilling, averse
jeopardize: (vt) ¨Ï ¡K.¨ü¦M®`ªº
reputation: ¦WÁn Án±æ fame, renown, repute
lucrative: ¦³§Q¯qªº profitable, beneficial
detrimental: ¦³®`ªº¡B¤£§Qªºdamaging, harmful Ant: beneficial, helpful
penalty=punishment ³B»@

Selective Breeding
Trait=attribute, characteristic, property ¯S¦â
Accomplish=fulfill, achieve, complete§¹¦¨ ¹ê²{(V)
Offspring=descendant, progeny, young ¤l®]Ant: ancestor
Seek after ´M¨D ±´¨D pursue
Yield=produce, furnish, bring about ²£¥Í ¥X²£
Unpredictable=unforeseeable ¤£¥i¹w´úªº
Devastating=disastrous, crushing ¯}Ãa©Êªº ·´·À©Êªº
Entail=involve¦ñÀH ²o¯A(V)
Unforeseeable=¤£¥i¹w´úªº
Confer on ½á¤© ±Â»Pgrant, bestow, provide, Ant: deprive
Duress «Â¯Ù threat, stress
Lethal: =deadly­P©Rªº ­P¦ºªº
Preservation=conservation=maintenance «O¦s ºûÅ@
Ant: destruction, elimination
Vulnerability: ®zÂI ©ö¨ü¶Ë susceptibility, sensitivity Ant; Invulnerability, resistance

Solar transits

Layman; ¥«¤«¤p¥Á
Perspective: »·²· ³zµø view
Mercury:¤ô¬P mercury:¤ô»È
Fade: ¥ú½u³vº¥ÅܲHAnt: Intensify,
Abruptly=suddenly: ¬ðµM¦a ·N®Æ¤§¥~ªº
Detect=discover, perceive, sense
Subtle±Ó¾Uªº ºë¥©ªº Ant: obvious, pronounced, apparent
Wobble:·n®Ì(V)
Tug: ±j¤jªº©Ô¤O
Obscure:¨Ï¥¢¦â ¨Ï¤£©úÅã hide Ant: highlight
Glare: ¨ë²´ªº±j¥ú brightness, brilliance, blaze
Elliptical: ¾ò¶ê§Îªº ovoid
Title:¶É±× slant, angle
Presision=exactness ·Ç½Tªº
Peer: ¾®µø ª`µø(vi) look, stare, gaze
Murky: cloudy=turbid=opaqueÂaÄgªº
Realm=sphere=extent=domain»â°ì ½d³ò
Unspectacular=unimpressive¤£ºëªöªº ¤£§§Æ[ªº
Expound=elaborate ¸Ô²Ó¸ÑÄÀ ²M·¡(v)
Feat: ¥\ÁZdeed, exploit, achievement, accomplishment
Acronym: ¤â¦r¥ÀÁY²¤µü

The colonial Economy in America

Colonial: ´Þ¥Á¦aªº
Entrepreneur: enterpriser, businessman ¥ø·~®a
Exploitation: §Q¥Î¶}µo use
Untapped: ¥¼¨Ï¥Îªº ¥¼¶}µoªº unexploited, unused, undeveloped
Notwithstanding: ¾¨ºÞ ÁöµM(prep) in spite of, despite
·íadv=nevertheless ; conj=although
restrict=confine=impede=restrain=curb ­­¨î ¬ù§ô(Vt)
mandate©R¥O ©e¥ô²Îªv(Vt) dictate=command, authorize
Ant: forbid, prohibit
Implement=device=instrument=apparatus¤u¨ã ¾¹¨ã
Overwhelming: ¶Õ¤£¥i¾×ªº À£­Ë¤@¤Áªº
Engage in ±q¨Æ ¦£©ó
Hostility: enmity=unfriendliness¼Ä·N ¼Äµø
Enclave=³Q¥]³ò¦b¥L°ê»â¤g territory=district
Decimate ±þ·R²³¦h¤H ¨Ï¦h¼Æ¤H¨ü®`(vt)
Plow:¯Ñ§@ ²p¥Ð
Staple ¥D­n°Ó«~ ¤é±`¥²»Ý«~ basic commodity

The early American Glass Industry

Dwindle ´î¤Ö Åܤp(vi)shrink=decrease=diminish
Reserve: Ä­ÂÃ
Permanent: constant=stable=steady=lasting=enduring ¥Ã¤[ªº
Ant: temporary=momentary=transient
Pressing ºò«æªº urgent, crucial, compelling, imperative
hostile Ãh¦³¼Ä·Nªº antagonistic=aggressive=unfriendly
Accord: µ¹¤© ±Â»P(vt) give=assign
Utilitarian ¹ê¥Î©Êªº useful
Craftsman: ¤u¦K artisan
Lump=cluster¶ô ¹Î
Relief: ½ü¹ø©úÅ㪺 ¯BÀJ
Elaborate: ºë¤ß»s§@ªº complicated, sophisticated, intricate
Salt|shaker goblet:°ª¸}ªM
Inspire=encourage=prompt=stimulate½á¤©ÆF·P ¿EÀy(vt)
K|nob K=¤£µo­µ ¶ê§Î´¤¬`
Flaw: ·å²« fault, blemish, defect
Disguise: °°¸Ë (vt) cloak, veil, camouflage
Handicap:§«Ãª(vt)hinder, impede
Reliance:«H¿à ¨Ì¿à(n)
Profuse=°øµØªº lavish, extravagant, abundant, generous
Intricate: ½ÆÂøªº complicated, involved, entangled
Extravagant: ´§ÀNªº luxurious, exaggerated, excessive, wasteful
Blemish: ¦¾ÂI(vt) stain, scar, defect, flaw

The grasslands of the American southwest

Sustain: ºûô(vt) maintain, nurture, preserve
Thrive: ­Z²±­_§§(vi) flourish, prosper, boom
Shrub: Äé¤ì ¸G¾ð
Encroachment: «I¤J «I®`(n) intrusion, interference, infringement, invasion, trespass
Periodic: ¶¡·²©Êªº ©P´Á©Êªº regular
Herbaceous: ¯ó¥»ªº
Unchecked:¥¼¨üÀ£§íªº uncontrolled, unrestrained,
Ant: controlled, restrained, held
Rodent: ø¥¾¦Ãþ°Êª« ªQ¹«squirrel ªe¯Wbeaver
Browse: ®a¯b¦Y¹à¸­(vt)
Graze ©ñªª(vi)¦Y¯ó
Replenish: ¶ñº¡ ¦A¸É¥Rrefill
Strip:­é¹Ü(vt) °£¥h remove
Exacerbate: ´c¤Æ(vt) aggravate
Percolation=penetration, infiltration ¹LÂo º¯³z
Encrusted: ¥~´ßµw¤Æªº §Î¦¨µw¥Öªº
Cap çE»\¡B¥[®M(vt) cover
Hinder ªýê ¨¾¤î(vt) obstruct, impede, inhibit Ant: push, promote
Retention=preservation=conservation
Germination=sproutingµÞªÞ ºØ¤lµoªÞ
Creek¤pªe ·Ë¬y stream, brook
Vanish ®ø¥¢(vi) µ´¸ñ perish, disappear
Livestock®a¯b

The origin of art
Paleolithic:ÂÂ¥Û¾¹®É¥N
Primitive­ì©lªº »·¥jªº ancient, prehistoric, original
Excavate «õ±¸ «õÆw(vt) dig, dig up, unearth, Ant: bury
Adorn: ¸Ë¹¢¡B¨Ï¥Í¦âdecorate, beautify, ornament, embellish
Revelation ·N¥~ªºµo²{ discovery, disclosure
Ferment: ¿³¾Ä ÄÌ°Ê agitation, excitation, unrest, turmoil
Ant: stagnation, calm
Anatomy:°©Àfµ²ºc ¸Ñ­åºc³y

The origin of the ocean
Coalesce ¦X¨Ö Áp¦X(vi) merge, combine, blend, join
Accumulation: ²Ö¿n¡B°ï¿n amassment, assemblage, gathering, concentration Ant: dissipate, scatter, disperse
Clue:½u¯Á
Scrutiny:À˵ø ¥J²ÓÀˬd
Account for: »¡©ú¡B¸ÑÄÀ

The plantation system
Appetite ¼¤±æ ·R¦n(n) craving, desire
Harsh Á}Ãøªº ÄY¼Fªºstrict, severe, stern, rigorous
Ant: easy, comfortable, lenient.
Indentured: ñ­qªA°È«´¬ù ¥H¦X¦P¨M©wÅU¶ÄÃö«Y
Wane: (vi) ´î¤Ö °I´î
Scarcity µu¯Ê¡B¤£¨¬ scantiness, sparseness, rareness
Ant: plenty, ampleness, abundance
Cultivate: ¯ÑºØ¡B®â°ö
Entrench¡G¨c©T½T¥ß¦a establish, settle, fix
Ant: destroy, demolish, wreck, dismantle, ruin
Crucial=critical=decisive=pressing=essential
Ant: trivial=insignificant
Incentive »¤¦] ¼úÀy bonus, stimulus, inducement, motivation
Coercion: °ªÀ£²Îªv compulsion
Coerce ±j¨î(vt)compel, impel, force
Autonomy: ¦Ûªv ¦Û¥DÅv independence Ant: dependence
Sharecropper¦ú¹A
Obligate: ¦Aªk«ß¤Wªº¸q°È oblige, compel, require
Contention: ¥D±i
Consolidation¦X¨Ö Áp¦X²Î¤@
Uprising: «q¶Ã¡B¼É°Ê

Total Solar Eclipse
Hint:¤Ö¶qªº ·L¶qªº clue, indication, sign
Fade away: ®ø°h ¥úÅÜ·t²H
Crescent: ·s¤ëª¬
Faint: dim=feeble·L·tªº Ant: bright, brilliance, brightness
Splendor: ¥ú½÷¡B§§ÄR magnificence, grandeur, glory, brilliance, brightness

Science Summery

Lichens
Lichens is a kind of plant which combining two different plants, algae and fungus, and how to distinguish between the each other by examining the thallus, that one exists in its element section, a way under a microscope. It is hard to know this amorphous mass of fungi and algae to come together. Scientists know only a little information, some relationships between them associating with the food and protection, about this kind of plant so-called lichens. Biological scientists used them to do researches about the condition of atmosphere. Their organisms are especially susceptible to sulfur dioxide poisoning and adsorb and accumulate other toxin as well. In large urban area, it¡¦s rarely to find the lichens.
Algae:®üĦ (½Æ¼Æ), fungus:¯uµßÃþ (½Æ¼Æ) fungi(³æ)
Thallus:¸­ª¬Åé(¨S¦³®Ú ²ô ¸­ ´Óª«ªº¥»Åé)
Susceptible: ©ö¨ü·P¬Vªº¡Bvulnerable, sensitive
Light Medicine
As light sources, LEDs(light-emitting diodes) have several advantages over conventional lamps. The incandescent lamps heat up their filaments and eventually burn out, but LEDs used a higher percentage of the electrical energy to convert into light and lasted for much longer. A kind of LED-device developed would be used to spur the growth of cells. It might heal or cure the muscle atrophy and loss mass of bone, also alleviating some of the effects of long term weightlessness in Space activities.
Why the LEDs could cure these syndromes, because they emitted the lower power radiation which boosting the cells into the excited phase instead of stable. The stimulated cells could work back to the normal metabolism by virtue of the energy coming from the emitting radiation.
Conventional: ¶Ç²Îªº¡@ordinary
Alleviate:´î½w relieve, assuage
Metabolism¡G·s³¯¥NÁÂ
Atrophy:µäÁY withering, wasting
Incandescent:¥Õ¿K¼öªº
Filament:Âëµ·
Spur: ¨ë¿E stimulate, boost, accelerate
Solar transit
The planet crosses the sun face or another extra-solar planet crosses the face of its parent start. It¡¦s an important event for an astronomer, but a layman might be forgiven for asking why.
A planet, having an inner obit with the other planets, could appear the transit to observe by outer planets. For example, the Earth could observe Mercury, Venus, and other planets to cross the face of solar. Scientists estimate the mass or orbit of the transit planet by means of calculating its transit time from the beginning to the end.
Not only would the murky atmosphere condition obscure the light information, but the different obit tilt also affects this event to result in faint or rough observation.
So the satellite observations have the vantage point to avoid this effect. This will become possible to detect the exact size of the transit planets in the future.
Mercury:¤ô¬P µo¥Í­â¤éªº¶g´Á¬° 115¤Ñ¤@¦¸ Venus: ­â¤é©P´Á§óªø¬ù50¦~¤@¦¸
Vantage point: ¦³§Q¤§³B
Faint : ¦Ç·tªº
Murky: ¼Ò½kªº Ant: brilliant, bright
Obscure: ¨Ï¥¢¦â
Transit: ¦æ¬P(+) ¬ï¹L ¤Ó¶§(*)»P¦a²y(^)ªºµø½uªº²{¶H ºÙ­â¤é *-----+-----^
Layman: ¥«¤«¤p¥Á
The plantation system
The plantation system originated from the south of American agriculture family. They plant the tobacco as a main commercial §@ª«. To expand the European tobacco business, they need more and more labors to work and manage their farm to produce the products. So slaves take place of servants to work for planters.
Not only did the plantation become entrenched, but also the best land belonged to the large-scale planters.
As importance of view, those slaves who have good maintaining or improving productivity, were not always powerless.
Their owners allow they to do their staff after their daily work have done. But many kinds of incentives were never to completely take place of the coercion.
After Civil War the slaves were gotten their true autonomy, they still obligated a stingy cultivating system which is called sharecropping. Their freedom is in name only.
Servant(s):¶±¤u
Tobacco :µÒ¯ó Coercion| coerce(v)±jÅv|­¢
obligate: compel, require, oblige ¿í¦u¸q°È
autonomy: ¦Û¥DÅv sharecropping: ¦ú¹A¨î«×
entrench|ed: ¯Ñ²`¦a©T establish, settle, fix
Incentive: bonus, motivate, stimulus, inducement

Solar Eclipse
An astronomical spectacle which is called solar eclipse only appears in the stage of the full moon. When their orbit positions were in align, the moon shadow projected on the Earth surface where people watch the sky to investigate/observer this phenomenon.
Even the solar is far away from us, its relative size appearing in the sky is almost the same as the moon. So we can see this special astronomy display, gradually faint process, just only in a few mins.
There are four major contacts while a total solar eclipse and many wonderful or splendid events occur during this period such as corona, chromosphere, and crescent eclipse.

Vocabulary:
corona:¤é°Ã chrom-osphere: ¦â²y¼h
spectacle: §§Æ[ªº
crescent: ·s¤ëª¬
eclipse: »k faint: ©ü·tªº splen|dor(did): §§ÄR(ªº)